al benefits. For example, since 2019, 100% of traction energy in Spanish High Speed (HS) is green. The Sustainable Mobility Strategy, presented in December 2020, pro-jects that HS rail traffic will double on the continent by 2030, and doubling of freight traffic by the middle of the century. Major challenge: today, only 13% of freight and 7% of passengers travel by train, according to the European Commission. For Adrián Fernández Rodríguez, Railway Systems researcher at the Technological Research Institute of the Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, “its energy efficiency is due to it being a highly electrified means, which allows for not only offshoring contaminant emissions but also reducing them, thanks to the renewable part of the elec-tricity generation. In addition, the wheel-rail contact produces less INVESTMENT AND INTER-SECTOR COOPERATION, KEYS TO MAKE THIS YEAR AN INFLECTION POINT Elevated lines near Sant Boi, in Catalonia.